Chikungunya Disease Outbreak, Reunion Island

To the Editor: A serious outbreak of chikungunya disease recently occurred on Reunion Island (popula-cases were reported in this French territory in the Indian Ocean. Most cases occurred after mid-December 2005, with a maximum of 45,000 cases during the week of January 29 to February 4, 2006 (2). Surveillance figures were confirmed by a serosur-vey that found a prevalence of 18% of recent infection markers in pregnant women in March 2006. Chikungunya is a self-limiting febrile viral disease characterized by arthralgia or arthritis. Symptoms may last for several months, but recovery was, until now, considered universal (3). However, in January 2006, the health authorities on this island started receiving death certificates mentioning chikungunya as a cause of death, either direct or indirect. By the end of April, 213 death certificates with this finding had been received. To assess the affect of chikungunya disease, we compared the crude death rate (CDR) observed during the outbreak period with an expected death rate computed from the 2002–2004 historical data. number of deaths by sex and age observed during 2002–2004 modified by an estimation of the population size for 2005–2006. The details of this method, which was used during the heat wave in France in 2003, have been reported (4). The number of deaths in Reunion was obtained daily from 13 of 24 computerized registry offices throughout the island and represented 87% of the deaths on the island. During 2005, the monthly CDR remained within expected range of statistical variation. From January through April 2006, respectively, monthly CDRs were 7.1%, 34.4%, 25.2%, and 8.3% higher than expected rates (p<0.01 for February and March). This corresponded to 226 excess deaths reported by the 13 offices participating in the study and 260 excess deaths when data were extrapolated to the entire population of the island (an increase of 18.4%) (Figure). The 260 excess deaths is a crude figure that includes potentially all causes of death. This figure leads to a rough estimate of the case-fatality rate for chikungunya disease of ≈1/1,000 cases. Excess deaths were observed mainly in persons >75 years of age. CDRs began to exceed the expected range during the last week of January 2006 and remained elevated until the end of the study period. This situation closely matched the kinetics of the epidemic curve of chikungunya disease. CDR is a stable variable in time for a defined population. Only a massive phenomenon can …